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Notice That::
Every third term of this series is even.... and the series of even terms goes like 0,2,8,34,... so any even term E(n)can be expressed as E(n)= 4*E(n-1) + E(n-2)....
this small knowledge makes the algorithm quite small and effective.
Hi dude, I have implemented the idea you have said in C++. I am getting 2nd 3rd cases time limit exceeded. Could you suggest me where I am going wrong. https://ideone.com/0shXEY
Most easy solution in Java & it passes all the test cases:
public class Solution {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
int t = in.nextInt();
for(int a0 = 0; a0 < t; a0++){
long n = in.nextLong();
long first = 0, second = 1, sum =0, sumeven =0;
while(second <= n){
sum = first+second;
first = second;
second = sum;
if(sum%2==0 && sum<n){
sumeven += sum;
}
}
System.out.println(sumeven);
}
}
if you check the series 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 which is the fibinoacci series every third term is even and the next even term sequence can be caluclated using 4 * (8) + 2 which is 4*(n-3) + (n- 6)
#include<map>#include<set>#include<list>#include<cmath>#include<ctime>#include<deque>#include<queue>#include<stack>#include<string>#include<bitset>#include<cstdio>#include<limits>#include<vector>#include<climits>#include<cstring>#include<cstdlib>#include<fstream>#include<numeric>#include<sstream>#include<iostream>#include<algorithm>#include<unordered_map>usingnamespacestd;intmain(){intt;cin>>t;for(inta0=0;a0<t;a0++){longn;cin>>n;longlongintf1=1,f2=2,f=0,sum=0;while(f1<n){if(f1%2==0){sum+=f1;}f=f1+f2;f1=f2;f2=f;//cout << f1 << endl;}cout<<sum<<endl;}return0;}
Instead of recursion I used this formula and it should cut down complexity quite a bit, but I still get two timeouts, so not sure what my algo is doing to be so slow.
The Binet's Formula would be very helpful in case we need to compute only n'th number.
But to calculate sums we need all even numbers and recursive calculation "E(n) = 4E(n-1) + E(n-2)" of all even numbers would be faster then calculacting them by Binet's Formula.
Because of the growth of the sequence the difference in time complexity observed here seems irrelevant compared to that of the standard equation, even for massive values...
The problem here is that your fiboAdd has too many unnecessary calculations:
The most serious offender is the fiboEven function. Let's say you calculate fiboEven(10), you recursively call fiboEven(9) and fiboEven(8) but the whole recursive subtree rooted at fiboEven(8) is contained in fiboEven(9). You need memoization. This is the same reasoning as the standard reasoning for why it's good to have memoization for recursive fibonacci series calculation. You don't want a recursion tree (with branching factor a=2) if you can effectively get a recursion list (with branching factor a=1).
The successive fiboEven(i) calls in addFibo(N) are also redundant with the recursion tree for i+1 going through recursion tree for i, even though you just went through it in the previous outer fiboEven call. You need to keep track of the previously calculated fiboEven(i-1) to quickly calculate fiboEven(i).
Also, for each i you call fiboEven(i) in fiboAdd twice: inside if statement and on the next line. So, you can cut you workload in half by saving the result in a variable and reusing.
Personally, I think (bottom-up) iterative approach is a better fit here because you don't need any memoization you just keep the previous fiboEven number, the current fiboEven number and the current sum in memory and that's it.
Bro you and Dan Brown made it possible for me to solve this problem. Only test case 3 is always returning wrong. Can you help me? (Note: I am new to programming, sorry for any noobish mistake)
golden = (1 + 5 ** 0.5) / 2
phi3 = golden**3
T = int(input().strip())
for i in range(T):
N = int(input().strip())
n = 2
sum = 0
while n < N:
sum += n
n = int(phi3 * n + 0.5)
print(sum)
well this won't give any timeouts but one test case is failing , i think it's because of inaccuracy we get in golden ratio while calculating it for very large term for e.g. the following code will generate 27th term as 37889062373143904 instead of 37889062373143906.
rectify it and you will get the correct code :)
It's not perfect. When k = 12, n = 7. However, the n-th term for F is 13. We can check agaisnt this quickly with the same formula going forwards and backwards ONCE. instead of over a loop like everyone has been doing.
I should mention the relationship I gues. F_0 = 0, E = F_{3n}
I should mention, all this is useless past a certain point on a computer since percision is slowly lost. However, NASA has a great article on how accurate pi needs to be.
Easiest Solution with all test cases passing.
t = int(input().strip())
for a0 in range(t):
n = int(input().strip())
t1=1
t2=2
temp=2
t3=0
while(True):
t3=t1+t2
t1,t2=t2,t3
if(t3>n):
break
if(t3%2==0):
temp+=t3
print(temp)
Project Euler #2: Even Fibonacci numbers
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Notice That:: Every third term of this series is even.... and the series of even terms goes like 0,2,8,34,... so any even term E(n)can be expressed as E(n)= 4*E(n-1) + E(n-2)....
this small knowledge makes the algorithm quite small and effective.
Hi dude, I have implemented the idea you have said in C++. I am getting 2nd 3rd cases time limit exceeded. Could you suggest me where I am going wrong. https://ideone.com/0shXEY
I've just copied my code from C++ and changed it to Java (used long instead of long long int) and it works like a charm!
Same worked for me! thanks
It's working for me also, But what's the logic behind this?
Most easy solution in Java & it passes all the test cases:
}
https://www.hackerrank.com/contests/projecteuler/challenges/euler002/forum/comments/1109726
every variable and function use long long and you could get it.
use unsigned long long int sum=0; long int f0 = 2; long int f1 = 8; long int f2
same dude, I solved using matrix exponentiation but still got WA
Change the parameter to long n, and its all right
You just gotta use long long and you'll get it. Don't know why all these people are downvoting you instead of just pointing it out.
did not get you...
Easy solution
https://www.hackerrank.com/contests/projecteuler/challenges/euler002/forum/comments/557643
can you explain this a bit more with an example
E(n)= 4*E(n-1) + E(n-2)....
if you check the series 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 which is the fibinoacci series every third term is even and the next even term sequence can be caluclated using 4 * (8) + 2 which is 4*(n-3) + (n- 6)
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8]
It can be derived using a few arithmetic transformations:
If the sequence of even numbers consists of every third number (n, n-3, n-6, ...)
wow, the solution is so neat
This is an interesting observation. However I see no performance increase compared to traditional solution (f(n) = f(n - 2) + f(n - 1)).
Actually it does. One can skip few steps Using this formula one will get only the even fibinoacci numbers. Traditional algo will be :
f1=1;
f2=2;
f=0;
while(f1 less than n)
{
if(f%2==0) sum+=f;
f=f1+f2;
f2=f1;
f1=f;
}
print -> sum
However you can skip the step of verifing odd-even. Also you are skiping 2 odd number and directly getting only the even numbers.
f1=2;
f2=0;
f=0;
while(f1 less than n) {
sum+=f1;
f=4*f1+f2;
f2=f1;
f1=f;
}
print -> sum
PS-Sorry for bad english
This does not change the time complexity from O(n) however.
Orignal time is something like O(3n) -> O(n)
New time complexity is something like O(2n/3) -> O(n)
LOL bro, why you've added those headers? ☻
is it working for testcase 2 and 3?? i guess not.
that code is working..do in c++ editor
wrong output
Well, test case #3 completed in less than half the time using this technique for me. Using Python 3.
what is tect case #3
Instead of recursion I used this formula and it should cut down complexity quite a bit, but I still get two timeouts, so not sure what my algo is doing to be so slow.
Binet's Formula
The Binet's Formula would be very helpful in case we need to compute only n'th number.
But to calculate sums we need all even numbers and recursive calculation "E(n) = 4E(n-1) + E(n-2)" of all even numbers would be faster then calculacting them by Binet's Formula.
Yes That will be a great
the observation reduce computation by 66%, as two loop cycles each round are skipped including the computation
Because of the growth of the sequence the difference in time complexity observed here seems irrelevant compared to that of the standard equation, even for massive values...
Getting error in Test Case #3
Same :/
same -_-
The problem here is that your fiboAdd has too many unnecessary calculations:
The most serious offender is the fiboEven function. Let's say you calculate fiboEven(10), you recursively call fiboEven(9) and fiboEven(8) but the whole recursive subtree rooted at fiboEven(8) is contained in fiboEven(9). You need memoization. This is the same reasoning as the standard reasoning for why it's good to have memoization for recursive fibonacci series calculation. You don't want a recursion tree (with branching factor a=2) if you can effectively get a recursion list (with branching factor a=1).
The successive fiboEven(i) calls in addFibo(N) are also redundant with the recursion tree for i+1 going through recursion tree for i, even though you just went through it in the previous outer fiboEven call. You need to keep track of the previously calculated fiboEven(i-1) to quickly calculate fiboEven(i).
Also, for each i you call fiboEven(i) in fiboAdd twice: inside if statement and on the next line. So, you can cut you workload in half by saving the result in a variable and reusing.
Personally, I think (bottom-up) iterative approach is a better fit here because you don't need any memoization you just keep the previous fiboEven number, the current fiboEven number and the current sum in memory and that's it.
Try to do precalculation and store it in list. You will get it
if(fiboEven(i)<=N) so if it is == N then it will still add fiboEven making it larger than N.
Bro you and Dan Brown made it possible for me to solve this problem. Only test case 3 is always returning wrong. Can you help me? (Note: I am new to programming, sorry for any noobish mistake)
Thank you so much. I finally passed.
Thanks for your Idea, finally get it passed using JS A_A
This is not required. Fibonacci sequence grows very fast. 4*10^16 can be reached in less than 80 iterations.
just read about it Benit Theorem on fabonacci serious, & start the current num = 2; curr_num = int(pow(((1 + pow(5 , 0.5)) / 2),3) * curr_num + 0.5)
I used Binet's formula, changed to long in C++ and I still get a few timeouts. Any recommendations?
well this won't give any timeouts but one test case is failing , i think it's because of inaccuracy we get in golden ratio while calculating it for very large term for e.g. the following code will generate 27th term as 37889062373143904 instead of 37889062373143906. rectify it and you will get the correct code :)
sorry for late advice - store the first fibbonachi numbers in memory and go thrue tests $-)
all works on slow but wise Python
for i in range(3,n,3) I see what you did there, smart.
C++ implementation using this algorithm!
super thought .....
salute */*
Thank you for the help.
It worked for me and I implemented this summation in python 3. https://www.hackerrank.com/contests/projecteuler/challenges/euler002/submissions/code/1315739685
Your post was the most helpful.
I'm just wondering why no one has posted an ACTUAL answer to this problem in over 4 years.
Which means
is the solution to it. Now the trick is to find a fast way to compute what n might actually be .
Fibonacci_index
It's not perfect. When k = 12, n = 7. However, the n-th term for F is 13. We can check agaisnt this quickly with the same formula going forwards and backwards ONCE. instead of over a loop like everyone has been doing.
I should mention the relationship I gues. F_0 = 0, E = F_{3n}
I should mention, all this is useless past a certain point on a computer since percision is slowly lost. However, NASA has a great article on how accurate pi needs to be.
Easiest Solution with all test cases passing. t = int(input().strip()) for a0 in range(t): n = int(input().strip()) t1=1 t2=2 temp=2 t3=0 while(True): t3=t1+t2 t1,t2=t2,t3 if(t3>n): break if(t3%2==0): temp+=t3 print(temp)
@dusty_mehul the series you gave is wrong. For example- the term 144(after 34) cant be expressed as 4*34 +8+2+0 because this is equal to 146 not 144!!