class Result {

public static int bitwiseAnd(int n, int k) {
// Write your code here

int max = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) { if (i == k-1) continue; int val = i&(k-1); if (val > max && val < k) max = val; } return max; }

}

public class Solution { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); BufferedWriter bufferedWriter = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(System.getenv("OUTPUT_PATH")));

    int t = Integer.parseInt(bufferedReader.readLine().trim());

    for (int tItr = 0; tItr < t; tItr++) {
        String[] firstMultipleInput = bufferedReader.readLine().replaceAll("\\s+$", "").split(" ");

        int count = Integer.parseInt(firstMultipleInput[0]);

        int lim = Integer.parseInt(firstMultipleInput[1]);

        int res = Result.bitwiseAnd(count, lim);

        bufferedWriter.write(String.valueOf(res));
        bufferedWriter.newLine();
    }

    bufferedReader.close();
    bufferedWriter.close();
}

}