#include <cmath> #include <cstdio> #include <vector> #include <iostream> #include <algorithm> using namespace std; long long p = 100003, m, n; long long Pow(long long a,long long b) { long long ans=1; while(b){ if(b&1){ b--; ans=(ans*a)%p; } else{ b/=2; a=(a*a)%p; } } return ans; } long long C(long long n,long long m){ if(n<m) return 0; long long ans=1; for(int i=1;i<=m;i++){ ans=ans*(((n-m+i)%p)*Pow(i,p-2)%p)%p; } return ans; } long long Lucas(long long n, long long m){ if(m==0) return 1; return Lucas(n/p,m/p)*C(n%p,m%p)%p; } int main() { /* Enter your code here. Read input from STDIN. Print output to STDOUT */ int num = 0; cin >> num; for (int i = 0; i < num; ++i) { cin >> n; cin >> m; cout << Lucas(n - m + 1, m) << endl; } return 0; }