#include <iostream> #include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> using namespace std; #define N 100010 long long mod_pow(int a,int n,int p) { long long ret=1; long long A=a; while(n) { if (n & 1) ret=(ret*A)%p; A=(A*A)%p; n>>=1; } return ret; } long long factorial[N]; void init(long long p) { factorial[0] = 1; for(int i = 1;i <= p;i++) factorial[i] = factorial[i-1]*i%p; //for(int i = 0;i < p;i++) //ni[i] = mod_pow(factorial[i],p-2,p); } long long Lucas(long long a,long long k,long long p) //?C(n,m)%p p???10^5?a,b????? { long long re = 1; while(a && k) { long long aa = a%p;long long bb = k%p; if(aa < bb) return 0; //????????? re = re*factorial[aa]*mod_pow(factorial[bb]*factorial[aa-bb]%p,p-2,p)%p;//?????????? a /= p; k /= p; } return re; } int main() { int t; cin >> t; while(t--) { long long n,m; long p = 100003; cin >> n >> m; init(p); cout << Lucas(n-m+1,m,p) << "\n"; } return 0; }